Kelly S. Burns - Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region epub indir internet üzerinden

Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region

Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region adlı kitabı telefonunuzda, bilgisayarınızda veya tabletinizde EPUB biçiminde okumak için "okuyucu" uygulamasını ücretsiz veya satın almanız gerekir - siz karar verin. İşlevsel olarak özgür "okuyucular" nadiren ücretli olanlara yol verir ve bazen onları aşar. Bazen daha yavaş çalışır veya reklam içerir. Ücretli uygulamalar daha güzel görünür, daha az yavaşlar, aynı işlevsellik ile telefonun belleğinde genellikle daha az yer kaplarlar. Veya Kelly S. Burns adresinden çevrimiçi olarak Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region kitap okumak için bir site bulabilirsiniz. EPUB, kayan bir düzene sahip bir biçimdir, yani kitabın metni, örneğin Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region, akıllı telefonunuzun veya tabletinizin ekran boyutuna otomatik olarak ayarlanır - manuel olarak ölçeklendirmeniz gerekmez. Son aşamada, biçim bilgisayarlar, akıllı telefonlar ve tabletler tarafından desteklenen 5.2 sürümüne güncellenir. Gutenberg Serbest Kütüphanesi, 2008 yılında Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region gibi kitapları ve diğer basılı yayınları ve kitapları dijitalleştirmek ve saklamak için bu biçimi seçti. Yavaş yavaş, 2010'a kadar, daha önce kendi LRF uzantısını (BBeB) kullanan Sony, belgeleri bu biçime dönüştürdü. E-kitapların ve "okuyucuların" artan popülaritesi ile birlikte popülerlik kazanıyor. İlk kez 1999'da ABD'de ortaya çıktı, farklı olarak adlandırıldı - Açık eKitap Yayını (OEB). Geliştirici - Uluslararası Dijital Yayıncılık Forumu, IDPF kısaltması: Uluslararası Dijital Yayıncılık Forumu. 2007 yılında, “forum”, doğrudan “Elektronik Yayıncılık” olan ve tam anlamıyla “Elektronik Yayıncılık” olarak kısaltılan geliştirmenin son versiyonunu tanıttı.


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Additional Contributors Emily Grace J Saosa Independently published Gale, U.S. Supreme Court Records Icon Group International CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform J B Boon Leopold Classic Library Türkçe İspanyolca ICON Group International, Inc. Rusça Fransızca Almanca Book on Demand Ltd. J B SBoon İngilizce
indir okumak internet üzerinden
Yazar Kelly S. Burns Anna W. Schoettle William R. Jacobi Mary F. Mahalovich
İsbn 10 1480163228
İsbn 13 978-1480163225
Yayın Evi CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Dil İngilizce
tarafından gönderildi Options for the Management of White Pine Blister Rust in the Rocky Mountain Region 22 Ekim 2012

White pine blister rust (WPBR) is an exotic, invasive fungal disease of white, stone, and foxtail pines (also referred to as white pines or five-needle pines) in the genus Pinus and subgenus Strobus (Price and others 1998). The disease, which is native to Asia, was accidentally introduced separately into eastern and western North America at the beginning of the 20th century. In the West, WPBR was introduced on infected eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) nursery stock shipped to Vancouver, B.C., from France in 1910. Since then, the disease has spread into the distributions of most western white pines. Although all of the North American white pine species are susceptible to WPBR (Bingham 1972, Hoff and others 1980), it was once thought that the remote, dry habitats occupied by the noncommercial, high elevation white pines would not support rust establishment. Unfortunately, WPBR can now be found in many of these areas. Cronartium ribicola, the fungus that causes WPBR, requires an alternate host—currants and gooseberries in the genus Ribes and possibly species of Pedicularis and Castilleja (McDonald and others 2006, Zambino and others 2007)—to complete its life cycle. WPBR infects Ribes seasonally, causing minimal damage such as leaf spots and pre defoliation. The infections are shed each year with leaf abscission. The disease is perennial on infected pines, causing cankers that usually lead to mortality. WPBR has killed millions of acres of trees resulting in dramatic changes in successional pathways and ecosystem functions, and the disease continues to spread and intensify wherever five-needle pines occur despite control efforts. Management strategies have been developed for the commercial white pine species, but these strategies have not been tested on the high elevation, noncommercial species. The Rocky Mountain Region is in a unique position in that a large portion of our susceptible white pine distribution is currently not yet impacted by blister rust. It may be possible to implement proactive management strategies in threatened areas that may prevent or mitigate severe impacts in the future. The objective of this publication is to provide land managers with the knowledge and tools necessary to identify WPBR, evaluate impacted stands, and develop appropriate management strategies for preserving high-value trees, restoring impacted stands, and sustaining white pine ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain Region. This publication synthesizes current information on the biology, distribution, and management of white pine blister rust (WPBR) in the Rocky Mountain Region. In this Region, WPBR occurs within the range of Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata), limber pine (P. flexilis), and whitebark pine (P. albicaulis). This disease threatens white pine species and ecosystems in some of our most treasured public and private lands, including the wildland-urban interface, Wilderness Areas, and National Parks such as Rocky Mountain National Park and Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve. Long-term management strategies and management options for sustaining ecosystems and preserving high-value trees are presented. This information provides forest managers with knowledge and resources needed to detect WPBR, evaluate impacted stands, and develop management strategies that are applicable in the Rocky Mountain Region.

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